/* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package java.nio;

/**
 * A buffer is a list of elements of a specific primitive type.
 * <p>
 * A buffer can be described by the following properties:
 * <ul>
 * <li>Capacity: the number of elements a buffer can hold. Capacity may not be
 * negative and never changes.</li>
 * <li>Position: a cursor of this buffer. Elements are read or written at the
 * position if you do not specify an index explicitly. Position may not be
 * negative and not greater than the limit.</li>
 * <li>Limit: controls the scope of accessible elements. You can only read or
 * write elements from index zero to <code>limit - 1</code>. Accessing
 * elements out of the scope will cause an exception. Limit may not be negative
 * and not greater than capacity.</li>
 * <li>Mark: used to remember the current position, so that you can reset the
 * position later. Mark may not be negative and no greater than position.</li>
 * <li>A buffer can be read-only or read-write. Trying to modify the elements
 * of a read-only buffer will cause a <code>ReadOnlyBufferException</code>,
 * while changing the position, limit and mark of a read-only buffer is OK.</li>
 * <li>A buffer can be direct or indirect. A direct buffer will try its best to
 * take advantage of native memory APIs and it may not stay in the Java heap,
 * thus it is not affected by garbage collection.</li>
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * Buffers are not thread-safe. If concurrent access to a buffer instance is
 * required, then the callers are responsible to take care of the
 * synchronization issues.
 */
public abstract class Buffer {
    /**
     * <code>UNSET_MARK</code> means the mark has not been set.
     */
    static final int UNSET_MARK = -1;

    /**
     * The capacity of this buffer, which never changes.
     */
    final int capacity;

    /**
     * <code>limit - 1</code> is the last element that can be read or written.
     * Limit must be no less than zero and no greater than <code>capacity</code>.
     */
    int limit;

    /**
     * Mark is where position will be set when <code>reset()</code> is called.
     * Mark is not set by default. Mark is always no less than zero and no
     * greater than <code>position</code>.
     */
    int mark = UNSET_MARK;

    /**
     * The current position of this buffer. Position is always no less than zero
     * and no greater than <code>limit</code>.
     */
    int position = 0;

    /**
     * The log base 2 of the element size of this buffer.  Each typed subclass
     * (ByteBuffer, CharBuffer, etc.) is responsible for initializing this
     * value.  The value is used by JNI code in frameworks/base/ to avoid the
     * need for costly 'instanceof' tests.
     */
    final int _elementSizeShift;

    /**
     * For direct buffers, the effective address of the data; zero otherwise.
     * This is set in the constructor.
     * TODO: make this final at the cost of loads of extra constructors? [how many?]
     */
    int effectiveDirectAddress;

    /**
     * For direct buffers, the underlying MemoryBlock; null otherwise.
     */
    final MemoryBlock block;

    Buffer(int elementSizeShift, int capacity, MemoryBlock block) {
        this._elementSizeShift = elementSizeShift;
        if (capacity < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("capacity < 0: " + capacity);
        }
        this.capacity = this.limit = capacity;
        this.block = block;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the array that backs this buffer (optional operation).
     * The returned value is the actual array, not a copy, so modifications
     * to the array write through to the buffer.
     *
     * <p>Subclasses should override this method with a covariant return type
     * to provide the exact type of the array.
     *
     * <p>Use {@code hasArray} to ensure this method won't throw.
     * (A separate call to {@code isReadOnly} is not necessary.)
     *
     * @return the array
     * @throws ReadOnlyBufferException if the buffer is read-only
     *         UnsupportedOperationException if the buffer does not expose an array
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public abstract Object array();

    /**
     * Returns the offset into the array returned by {@code array} of the first
     * element of the buffer (optional operation). The backing array (if there is one)
     * is not necessarily the same size as the buffer, and position 0 in the buffer is
     * not necessarily the 0th element in the array. Use
     * {@code buffer.array()[offset + buffer.arrayOffset()} to access element {@code offset}
     * in {@code buffer}.
     *
     * <p>Use {@code hasArray} to ensure this method won't throw.
     * (A separate call to {@code isReadOnly} is not necessary.)
     *
     * @return the offset
     * @throws ReadOnlyBufferException if the buffer is read-only
     *         UnsupportedOperationException if the buffer does not expose an array
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public abstract int arrayOffset();

    /**
     * Returns the capacity of this buffer.
     *
     * @return the number of elements that are contained in this buffer.
     */
    public final int capacity() {
        return capacity;
    }

    /**
     * Used for the scalar get/put operations.
     */
    void checkIndex(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= limit) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("index=" + index + ", limit=" + limit);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Used for the ByteBuffer operations that get types larger than a byte.
     */
    void checkIndex(int index, int sizeOfType) {
        if (index < 0 || index > limit - sizeOfType) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("index=" + index + ", limit=" + limit +
                    ", size of type=" + sizeOfType);
        }
    }

    int checkGetBounds(int bytesPerElement, int length, int offset, int count) {
        int byteCount = bytesPerElement * count;
        if ((offset | count) < 0 || offset > length || length - offset < count) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("offset=" + offset +
                    ", count=" + count + ", length=" + length);
        }
        if (byteCount > remaining()) {
            throw new BufferUnderflowException();
        }
        return byteCount;
    }

    int checkPutBounds(int bytesPerElement, int length, int offset, int count) {
        int byteCount = bytesPerElement * count;
        if ((offset | count) < 0 || offset > length || length - offset < count) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("offset=" + offset +
                    ", count=" + count + ", length=" + length);
        }
        if (byteCount > remaining()) {
            throw new BufferOverflowException();
        }
        if (isReadOnly()) {
            throw new ReadOnlyBufferException();
        }
        return byteCount;
    }

    void checkStartEndRemaining(int start, int end) {
        if (end < start || start < 0 || end > remaining()) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("start=" + start + ", end=" + end +
                    ", remaining()=" + remaining());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Clears this buffer.
     * <p>
     * While the content of this buffer is not changed, the following internal
     * changes take place: the current position is reset back to the start of
     * the buffer, the value of the buffer limit is made equal to the capacity
     * and mark is cleared.
     *
     * @return this buffer.
     */
    public final Buffer clear() {
        position = 0;
        mark = UNSET_MARK;
        limit = capacity;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Flips this buffer.
     * <p>
     * The limit is set to the current position, then the position is set to
     * zero, and the mark is cleared.
     * <p>
     * The content of this buffer is not changed.
     *
     * @return this buffer.
     */
    public final Buffer flip() {
        limit = position;
        position = 0;
        mark = UNSET_MARK;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if {@code array} and {@code arrayOffset} won't throw. This method does not
     * return true for buffers not backed by arrays because the other methods would throw
     * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}, nor does it return true for buffers backed by
     * read-only arrays, because the other methods would throw {@code ReadOnlyBufferException}.
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public abstract boolean hasArray();

    /**
     * Indicates if there are elements remaining in this buffer, that is if
     * {@code position < limit}.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if there are elements remaining in this buffer,
     *         {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public final boolean hasRemaining() {
        return position < limit;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this is a direct buffer.
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public abstract boolean isDirect();

    /**
     * Indicates whether this buffer is read-only.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this buffer is read-only, {@code false}
     *         otherwise.
     */
    public abstract boolean isReadOnly();

    final void checkWritable() {
        if (isReadOnly()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Read-only buffer");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the limit of this buffer.
     *
     * @return the limit of this buffer.
     */
    public final int limit() {
        return limit;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the limit of this buffer.
     * <p>
     * If the current position in the buffer is in excess of
     * <code>newLimit</code> then, on returning from this call, it will have
     * been adjusted to be equivalent to <code>newLimit</code>. If the mark
     * is set and is greater than the new limit, then it is cleared.
     *
     * @param newLimit
     *            the new limit, must not be negative and not greater than
     *            capacity.
     * @return this buffer.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException
     *                if <code>newLimit</code> is invalid.
     */
    public final Buffer limit(int newLimit) {
        limitImpl(newLimit);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Subverts the fact that limit(int) is final, for the benefit of MappedByteBufferAdapter.
     */
    void limitImpl(int newLimit) {
        if (newLimit < 0 || newLimit > capacity) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad limit (capacity " + capacity + "): " + newLimit);
        }

        limit = newLimit;
        if (position > newLimit) {
            position = newLimit;
        }
        if ((mark != UNSET_MARK) && (mark > newLimit)) {
            mark = UNSET_MARK;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Marks the current position, so that the position may return to this point
     * later by calling <code>reset()</code>.
     *
     * @return this buffer.
     */
    public final Buffer mark() {
        mark = position;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the position of this buffer.
     *
     * @return the value of this buffer's current position.
     */
    public final int position() {
        return position;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the position of this buffer.
     * <p>
     * If the mark is set and it is greater than the new position, then it is
     * cleared.
     *
     * @param newPosition
     *            the new position, must be not negative and not greater than
     *            limit.
     * @return this buffer.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException
     *                if <code>newPosition</code> is invalid.
     */
    public final Buffer position(int newPosition) {
        positionImpl(newPosition);
        return this;
    }

    void positionImpl(int newPosition) {
        if (newPosition < 0 || newPosition > limit) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad position (limit " + limit + "): " + newPosition);
        }

        position = newPosition;
        if ((mark != UNSET_MARK) && (mark > position)) {
            mark = UNSET_MARK;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of remaining elements in this buffer, that is
     * {@code limit - position}.
     *
     * @return the number of remaining elements in this buffer.
     */
    public final int remaining() {
        return limit - position;
    }

    /**
     * Resets the position of this buffer to the <code>mark</code>.
     *
     * @return this buffer.
     * @exception InvalidMarkException
     *                if the mark is not set.
     */
    public final Buffer reset() {
        if (mark == UNSET_MARK) {
            throw new InvalidMarkException("Mark not set");
        }
        position = mark;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Rewinds this buffer.
     * <p>
     * The position is set to zero, and the mark is cleared. The content of this
     * buffer is not changed.
     *
     * @return this buffer.
     */
    public final Buffer rewind() {
        position = 0;
        mark = UNSET_MARK;
        return this;
    }

    @Override public String toString() {
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
        buf.append(getClass().getName());
        buf.append(", status: capacity=");
        buf.append(capacity);
        buf.append(" position=");
        buf.append(position);
        buf.append(" limit=");
        buf.append(limit);
        return buf.toString();
    }
}